1. Inkuru y'imiyoboro y'uruziga ikoreshwa mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro
Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’ingufu z’amakara mu bukungu bw’isi, imashini zicukura amakara zateye imbere cyane. Nk’ibikoresho by’ingenzi byo gucukura amakara mu buryo bwuzuye mu birombe by’amakara, igice cyo kohereza amakara ku imashini zicukura amakara nacyo cyateye imbere cyane. Mu buryo bumwe, iterambere ry’imashini zicukura amakara rishingiye ku iterambere ryagucukura umuyoboro w'uruziga ukomeye cyaneUbucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro afite imbaraga nyinshi ni cyo gice cy'ingenzi cy'ibikoresho byo gukata imigozi mu kirombe cy'amakara. Ubwiza n'imikorere yabyo bizakoreshwabigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere myiza y'ibikoresho n'umusaruro w'amakara mu kirombe cy'amakara.
Iterambere ry'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro afite imbaraga nyinshi rikubiyemo ahanini ibi bikurikira: iterambere ry'icyuma cyo gucukura imiyoboro y'amabuye y'agaciro, iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'imiyoboro y'ibyuma, kunoza ingano n'imiterere y'imiyoboro y'ibyuma by'umweru, imiterere itandukanye y'imiyoboro n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora imiyoboro. Bitewe n'iri terambere, imiterere ya mekanike n'ubwizigirwa bwaubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agacirobyarushijeho kuba byiza. Ibipimo n'imiterere y'imikorere y'uruhererekane rw'imiyoboro ikorwa n'ibigo bimwe na bimwe bigezweho mu nganda zikora imiyoboro ku isi byarenze cyane urugero rw'Abadage rwa DIN 22252 rukoreshwa cyane ku isi.
Ibyuma byo mu rwego rwo hasi byakoreshwaga mu gucukura imiyoboro y’amazi mu mahanga byari icyuma cya manganese cya karuboni, gifite karuboni nkeya, gifite alloy nkeya, gifite ubukonje buke, gifite umurambararo muto, gifite umurambararo muto w’umuyoboro <ø 19mm. Mu myaka ya 1970, hakozwe ibyuma bya manganese nickel chromium molybdenum series. Ibyuma bisanzwe birimo 23MnNiMoCr52, 23MnNiMoCr64, nibindi. Ibi byuma bifite ubukonje bwiza, ubushobozi bwo gusudira no gukomera, kandi bibereye mu gukora imiyoboro minini ya C-grade. Ibyuma bya 23MnNiMoCr54 byakozwe mu mpera za 1980. Hashingiwe ku byuma bya 23MnNiMoCr64, ubukonje bwa silikoni na manganese bwaragabanutse kandi ubukonje bwa chromium na molybdenum bwongerewe. Ubukonje bwabyo bwari bwiza kuruta ubw’icyuma cya 23MnNiMoCr64. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, bitewe no gukomeza kunoza imikorere y’umunyururu w’icyuma uhuza uruziga n’ubwiyongere buhoraho bw’ibipimo by’umunyururu bitewe n’ubucukuzi bw’amakara bukozwe mu mashini mu birombe by’amakara, amwe mu masosiyete y’iminyururu yashyizeho imiterere mishya yihariye y’icyuma, kandi imiterere imwe n’imwe y’iyi imiterere mishya y’icyuma iri hejuru y’icyuma cya 23MnNiMoCr54. Urugero, icyuma cya "HO" cyakozwe n’ikigo cy’Abadage JDT gishobora kongera imbaraga z’umunyururu ku kigero cya 15% ugereranije n’icyuma cya 23MnNiMoCr54.
2. Imiterere y'imirimo y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'isesengura ry'ibyangiritse
2.1 Imiterere y'imirimo y'uruhererekane rw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro
Imiterere y'imikorere y'umunyururu w'uruziga ni: (1) imbaraga zo gukaza umuvuduko; (2) Umunaniro uterwa n'umutwaro utera; (3) Gucikamo ibice no kwangirika bibaho hagati y'iminyururu, iminyururu n'udusimba tw'iminyururu, n'iminyururu n'ibice byo hagati n'impande z'imiyoboro; (4) Kwangirika guterwa n'imikorere y'amakara yasheshwe, ifu y'amabuye n'umwuka utose.
2.2 Isesengura ry'ibibazo by'uruhererekane rw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro
Uburyo bwo gucika kw'imiyoboro y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bushobora kugabanywamo ibi bikurikira: (1) umutwaro w'umuyoboro urenze umutwaro wawo wo gucika, bigatera kuvunika imburagihe. Uku kuvunika akenshi biba mu bice by'urutugu rw'umuyoboro cyangwa ahantu hagororotse, nko kwangirika guturutse ku gice cyahuye n'ubushyuhe bwa flash butt welding n'icika ry'ibikoresho by'imigozi; (2) Nyuma yo gukora igihe runaka, umuyoboro w'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ntugera ku mutwaro wo gucika, bigatera kuvunika guterwa n'umunaniro. Uku kuvunika akenshi bibaho ku isano iri hagati y'ukuboko gugororotse n'ikamba ry'umuyoboro w'ubucukuzi.
Ibisabwa mu gucukura umuyoboro w’uruziga: (1) kugira ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo myinshi munsi y’ibikoresho bimwe n’igice kimwe; (2) kugira umutwaro mwinshi wo gucika no kurekura neza; (3) kugira ububobere buto munsi y’ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo bwinshi kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwiza bwo gufunga; (4) kugira imbaraga nyinshi zo kunanirwa; (5) kugira ubushobozi bwo kudashira cyane; (6) kugira imbaraga nyinshi no kwinjiza neza umutwaro w’ingaruka; (7) ingano z’ubuso kugira ngo zihuze n’igishushanyo.
3. Uburyo bwo gukora uruhererekane rw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro
Uburyo bwo gukora urunigi rw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro: gukata utubari → kunama no kuboha → guhuza → gusudira → ikizamini cy’ibanze gikingira → kuvurwa ubushyuhe → ikizamini cy’inyongera gikingira → isuzuma. Gusudira no gusudira ubushyuhe ni inzira z’ingenzi mu gukora ubucukuzi bw’urunigi rw’uruziga, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bwiza bw’umusaruro. Ibipimo bya siyansi byo gusudira bishobora kongera umusaruro no kugabanya ikiguzi cy’umusaruro; uburyo bukwiye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bushobora guha umwanya wose imiterere y’ibikoresho no kunoza ubwiza bw’umusaruro.
Kugira ngo habeho ubuziranenge bwo gusudira mu miyoboro y’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, gusudira imiyoboro y’intoki no gusudira imiyoboro y’uburinzi byakuweho. Gusuka imiyoboro y’uburinzi bikunze gukoreshwa cyane kubera ibyiza byabyo nk’urwego rwo hejuru rw’imikorere y’ikoranabuhanga, imbaraga nke z’abakozi n’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa buhamye.
Muri iki gihe, uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bw'umuyoboro w'amazi ucukura imiyoboro izunguruka muri rusange bukoresha ubushyuhe bw'umuyoboro uhuza amashanyarazi, kuzimya no gushyushya buri gihe. Ishingiro ry'uburyo bwo kuvura umuyoboro uhuza amashanyarazi ni uko imiterere y'ikintu ihuzwa munsi y'umuyoboro wa electromagnetic, molekile zibona ingufu zigahurana kugira ngo zitange ubushyuhe. Mu gihe cyo kuvura ubushyuhe bw'umuyoboro uhuza amashanyarazi, inductor ihuzwa na AC y'umuyoboro uhuza amashanyarazi y'umuyoboro runaka, kandi imiyoboro ihuza imiyoboro igenda ku muvuduko umwe muri inductor. Muri ubu buryo, hazakorwa umuyoboro uhuza amashanyarazi ufite umuyoboro umwe n'icyerekezo gitandukanye n'umuyoboro uhuza amashanyarazi, kugira ngo ingufu z'amashanyarazi zihindurwemo ingufu z'ubushyuhe, kandi imiyoboro ihuza imiyoboro ishobora gushyuha kugeza ku bushyuhe bukenewe kugira ngo izimye kandi ishyushye mu gihe gito.
Gushyushya hakoreshejwe frequency iciriritse bitanga umuvuduko wihuta kandi bigatanga ogisijeni nke. Nyuma yo kuzimya, imiterere myiza cyane yo kuzimya n'ingano y'ibinyampeke bya austenite irashobora kuboneka, ibyo bikanoza imbaraga n'ubukomere bw'uruhererekane rw'umunyururu. Muri icyo gihe, bifite kandi ibyiza byo kugira isuku, isuku, gukosora byoroshye no gukora neza cyane. Mu cyiciro cyo kuzimya, agace ko gusudira k'uruhererekane rw'umunyururu kanyura mu bushyuhe bwinshi bwo kuzimya kandi bigakuraho stress nyinshi zo kuzimya imbere mu gihe gito, ibyo bigira ingaruka zikomeye mu kunoza imiterere n'ubukomere bw'agace ko gusudira no gutinza gutangira no gukura kw'imivuniko. Ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya hejuru y'uruhererekane rw'umunyururu ni buke, kandi bugira ubukana bwinshi nyuma yo kuzimya, ibyo bikaba bituma uruhererekane rw'umunyururu rudashira mu gihe cy'akazi, ni ukuvuga, kwangirika hagati y'uruhererekane rw'umunyururu n'uruhererekane rw'umunyururu n'uruhererekane rw'umunyururu.
4. Umwanzuro
(1) Icyuma cyo gucukura imiyoboro ikomeye kandi izunguruka kirimo gutera imbere mu cyerekezo cyo gukomera, gukomera cyane, gukomera cyane kwa pulasitiki no kurwanya ingese kurusha icyuma cya 23MnNiMoCr54 gikoreshwa cyane ku isi. Kuri ubu, ibyuma bishya kandi bifite patenti byakoreshejwe.
(2) Kunoza imiterere ya mekanike y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ifite imbaraga nyinshi bitera kunoza no kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe. Gukoresha neza no kugenzura neza ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubushyuhe ni ingenzi mu kunoza imiterere ya mekanike y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ryabaye ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi ry'abakora iminyururu.
(3) Ingano, imiterere n'imiterere y'umunyururu w'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bufite imbaraga nyinshi byanogejwe kandi binozwa. Uku kunoza no kunoza bikorwa hakurikijwe ibyavuye mu isesengura ry'imitsi y'uruhererekane kandi hashingiwe ku kuba imbaraga z'ibikoresho byo gucukura amakara zigomba kongerwa kandi umwanya wo munsi y'ubucukuzi bw'amakara ukaba muto.
(4) Kongera imiterere y’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro afite imbaraga nyinshi, impinduka mu miterere y’imiterere y’icyuma no kunoza imiterere ya mekanike bitera iterambere ryihuse ry’ibikoresho n’ikoranabuhanga byo gukora imiyoboro y’icyuma.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-22-2021
