Ingamba zo gucunga uruhererekane rwa AFC zongerera igihe cyo kubaho no gukumira igihe cyo kuruhuka kitateganijwe
Urusobe rw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agacirobishobora gutuma igikorwa kigenda cyangwa kigasenyuka. Nubwo ibirombe byinshi bya longwall bikoresha umunyururu wa mm 42 cyangwa urenga kuri za armored face conveyors (AFCs), ibirombe byinshi bikoresha mm 48 naho bimwe bikoresha umunyururu munini nka mm 65. Ubwinshi bw'umurambararo bushobora kongera igihe cy'iminyururu. Abakora longwall bakunze kwitega kurenza toni miliyoni 11 zifite ingano ya mm 48 n'amatoni miliyoni 20 zifite ingano ya mm 65 mbere yuko umunyururu uvanwaho. Umunyururu muri ubu bunini bunini urahenze ariko birakwiye niba igice kimwe cyangwa bibiri bishobora gucukurwa nta guhagarara bitewe n'uko umunyururu wacitse. Ariko, iyo umunyururu wacitse bitewe n'imicungire mibi, ikoreshwa nabi, ikurikiranwa ridakwiriye, cyangwa bitewe n'ibidukikije bishobora gutera gucika kw'ingufu (SCC), ikirombe gihura n'ibibazo bikomeye. Muri iki gihe, igiciro cyishyurwa kuri uwo munyururu kiba kidafite agaciro.
Niba umukozi ukorera mu nkuta z'amabuye y'agaciro adakoresha uruhererekane rwiza rushoboka mu bijyanye n'imiterere y'uru kirombe, guhagarika rimwe ritunguranye bishobora gusiba byoroshye amafaranga yose yagabanyijwe mu gihe cyo kugura. None se umukozi ukorera mu nkuta z'amabuye y'agaciro yakora iki? Agomba kwita cyane ku miterere y'uru ruganda kandi agahitamo uruhererekane neza. Nyuma yuko uru ruganda ruguzwe, agomba gukoresha igihe n'amafaranga akenewe kugira ngo acunge neza ishoramari. Ibi bishobora gutanga inyungu nyinshi.
Gutunganya ubushyuhe bishobora kongera imbaraga z'umunyururu, kugabanya ububobere bwawo, kugabanya imihangayiko y'imbere, kongera ubushobozi bwo kudashira, cyangwa kunoza ubushobozi bw'umunyururu. Gutunganya ubushyuhe byahindutse ubuhanga bwiza kandi bitandukanye bitewe n'uruganda. Intego ni ukubona imiterere y'icyuma ijyanye neza n'imikorere y'ibicuruzwa. Umunyururu ukomeye mu buryo butandukanye ni bumwe mu buryo bugezweho bukoreshwa na Parsons Chain aho ikamba ry'umunyururu rikomeza kugorana kwangirika no kwangirika iyo iminyururu yoroshye mu kongera ubukomere no guhindagurika mu mikorere.
Ubukomere ni ubushobozi bwo kwirinda kwangirika kandi bugaragazwa n'umubare w'ubukomere bwa Brinell hakoreshejwe ikimenyetso cya HB cyangwa umubare w'ubukomere bwa Vickers (HB). Igipimo cy'ubukomere bwa Vickers kirangana koko, bityo ibikoresho bifite ubukomere bwa 800 HV bikubye inshuro umunani ubukomere bwa kimwe gifite ubukomere bwa 100 HV. Bityo bitanga igipimo cyumvikana cy'ubukomere kuva ku cyoroshye cyane kugeza ku gikomeye cyane. Ku gaciro k'ubukomere gake, kugeza kuri 300, ibisubizo by'ubukomere bwa Vickers na Brinell ni bimwe, ariko ku gaciro ko hejuru ibisubizo bya Brinell biri hasi bitewe no kugorama k'umurongo w'umupira.
Ikizamini cya Charpy Impact Test ni igipimo cy'ububobere bw'ikintu gishobora kuboneka mu ikizamini cy'ingaruka. Ihuza ry'uruhererekane rishyirwa ku gice cyo gusudira ku ihuza hanyuma rigashyirwa mu nzira y'ihuza ry'uruhererekane, ingufu zisabwa kugira ngo icyitegererezo gicike zipimwe no kugabanuka kw'ihuza ry'uruhererekane.
Inganda nyinshi zikora imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi zibika metero nke kuri buri tsinda kugira ngo habeho isuzuma ryuzuye ryangiza. Ibisubizo byuzuye by'ibizamini n'ibyemezo bikunze gutangwa hamwe n'umuyoboro usanzwe woherezwa mu mpande ebyiri za metero 50. Uburebure ku mbaraga z'ibizamini n'uburebure bwose ku gihe cyo kuvunika nabyo bigaragazwa muri iki kizamini cyangiza.
Uruhererekane rwiza
Intego ni uguhuza ibi bintu byose kugira ngo habeho urunigi rwiza, rurimo imikorere ikurikira:
• Ingufu nyinshi zo gukurura;
• Ubudahangarwa bwinshi ku kwangirika kw'inyuma y'umubiri;
• Ubudahangarwa bukomeye ku kwangirika kwa sprocket;
• Ubudahangarwa bukomeye ku gucika kw'imitsi ya martensitic;
• Gukomera kurushaho;
• Kwiyongera k'ubuzima bw'umunaniro; kandi
• Kurwanya SCC.
Ariko, nta gisubizo kimwe cyiza gihari, uretse ubwumvikane butandukanye. Kugira umusaruro mwinshi bikunze gutera stress nyinshi, iyo bifitanye isano no gukomera cyane kugira ngo byongere ubudasaza, bizanagabanya gukomera no kudasaza.
Abakora bakomeje guharanira gukora umuyoboro uzakomeza gukora kandi ugakomeza kubaho mu bihe bigoye. Bamwe mu bakora umuyoboro bashyiramo amashanyarazi kugira ngo bahangane n’ibidukikije byangiritse. Ubundi buryo ni umuyoboro wa COR-X, ukozwe mu cyuma cya vanadium, nickel, chromium, na molybdenum alloy gifite patente, kirwanya SCC. Igituma iki gisubizo kidasanzwe ni uko imiterere yacyo yo kurwanya kwangirika iba imwe mu miterere y’icyuma cy’umuyoboro kandi imikorere yacyo ntihinduka uko umuyoboro ugenda ushira. COR-X yagaragaje ko yongera ubuzima bw’umuyoboro cyane mu bidukikije byangiritse kandi ikavanaho burundu kwangirika bitewe na kwangirika. Ibizamini byagaragaje ko imbaraga zo gucika no gukora ziyongeraho 10%. Ingaruka z’umuyoboro ziyongeraho 40% kandi ubudahangarwa na SCC bwiyongeraho 350% ugereranije n’umuyoboro usanzwe (DIN 22252).
Hari aho umuyoboro wa COR-X 48 mm wakoresheje toni miliyoni 11 nta kibazo gifitanye isano n’umuyoboro mbere yuko uvanwaho. Kandi ishyirwaho rya mbere rya OEM Broadband chain na Joy mu kirombe cya BHP Billiton San Juan ryakoreshaga Parsons COR-X chain yakorerwaga mu Bwongereza, bivugwa ko yatwaye toni miliyoni 20 mu gihe cyose yari ikiriho.
Urunigi rwo Gusubira inyuma kugira ngo rwongere igihe cy'ubuzima bw'urunigi
Impamvu nyamukuru ituma iminyururu yangirika ni ukugenda kwa buri gice gihagaze kizenguruka ku ruhande rwacyo rw'iburyo rugana iyo cyinjiye kiva mu gice cyo hejuru. Ibi kandi bituma habaho kwangirika kwinshi mu murongo umwe w'iminyururu iyo izenguruka mu gice cyo hejuru, bityo bumwe mu buryo bwiza bwo kongera igihe cy'iminyururu yakoreshejwe ni ukuzenguruka, cyangwa kuyisubiza inyuma 180º kugira ngo iminyururu ikore mu cyerekezo gitandukanye. Ibi bizatuma ubuso "budakoreshwa" bw'iminyururu bukora kandi bigatuma igice cyo hejuru kidasaza cyane kandi ibyo bihwanye no kumara igihe kirekire k'umunyururu.
Kudashyira imizigo mu buryo bungana ku muyoboro w’indege, bitewe n’impamvu zitandukanye, bishobora gutuma iminyururu ibiri isakara neza bigatuma umuyoboro umwe usakara vuba kurusha undi. Kudashyira cyangwa kwaguka mu minyururu ibiri cyangwa yombi nk’uko bishobora kubaho ku miyoboro ibiri ishobora gutera ingendo zidahuye, cyangwa zigasohoka mu nzira iyo zizenguruka umuyoboro w’indege. Ibi bishobora kandi guterwa n’uko umwe muri iyo minyururu ibiri ugenda ugabanuka. Uku kudashyira mu gaciro bizatera ibibazo mu mikorere, ndetse no kwangirika gukabije no kwangirika kw’iminyururu y’indege.
Guhagarika Sisitemu
Hakenewe gahunda yo gukaza no kubungabunga neza kugira ngo nyuma yo gushyiraho uburyo umugozi ugenda uhinduka, imigozi yombi igenda igabanuka bitewe no gusaza ku gipimo cyagenwe kandi kingana.
Muri gahunda yo kubungabunga, abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga bazapima ubusaza bw'umunyururu ndetse n'ubushyuhe, basimbuze umunyururu iyo umaze kwangirika birenga 3%. Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe icyo ubu buryo bwo kwambara umunyururu busobanura mu buryo nyabwo, twibuke ko ku buso bwa metero 200, ubusaza bw'umunyururu bwa 3% bivuze ko uburebure bw'umunyururu bwiyongeraho metero 12 kuri buri mugozi. Abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga bazasimbuza kandi imigozi n'imigozi yo gutwara no kugarura iyo ishaje cyangwa yangiritse, basuzume urugero rw'agasanduku k'ibikoresho n'amavuta kandi barebe neza, buri gihe, ko imigozi ifunganye.
Hari uburyo buzwi bwo kubara urwego rukwiye rw'ingufu kandi ubu buryo bugaragaza ko ari ubuyobozi bw'ingirakamaro cyane ku gaciro k'ibanze. Ariko, uburyo bwizewe cyane ni ukwitegereza umuyoboro uva mu gice cy'ingufu iyo AFC ikora mu gihe cyuzuye umutwaro. Umuyoboro ugomba kugaragara ko ugaragaza gusa ubugari (ibice bibiri) iyo uvuye mu gice cy'ingufu. Iyo urwego nk'urwo ruhari, ingufu zigomba gupimwa, kwandikwa no gushyirwa mu gihe kizaza nk'urwego rw'imikorere y'uwo mutwe. Ingero za mbere y'ingufu zigomba gufatwa buri gihe kandi umubare w'ibice byakuweho ukandikwa. Ibi bizatanga umuburo hakiri kare ku ntangiriro yo kwangirika cyangwa kwangirika gukabije.
Ingendo zigoramye zigomba kugororwa cyangwa guhindurwa vuba. Bigabanya imikorere y'icyuma gitwara abagenzi kandi bishobora gutuma agace kava mu isiganwa ryo hasi kagasimbuka agace kagatera kwangirika kw'iminyururu yombi, agace kagatera impanuka, n'agace kagatera impanuka.
Abakora akazi ko gukata imigozi ya Longwall bagomba gukomeza kuba maso ku bikoresho byo gukuraho imigozi byashaje kandi byangiritse kuko bishobora gutuma imigozi iguma mu gice cy'imigozi, ibi bikaba byatera kwangirika no gucika.
Imicungire y'uruhererekane itangira mu gihe cyo gushyiraho
Kuba hakenewe umurongo mwiza ugororotse ntushobora gukabya. Gutandukana kw'isura bishobora gutuma habaho itandukaniro hagati y'iminyururu yo ku ruhande rw'isura n'iyo ku ruhande rw'inyuma bigatera kwangirika gutandukanye. Ibi birashoboka cyane ko biba ku ruhande rushya mu gihe iminyururu inyura mu gihe cy'inyuma.
Iyo habayeho uburyo butandukanye bwo kwambara, biragoye cyane kubikosora. Akenshi ubwo buryo bukomeza kwiyongera bitewe n’uko imyenda yambaye irabagirana kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwinshi bwo kwambara.
Ingaruka mbi zo kwiruka ufite umurongo mubi w’isura biganisha ku guhindagurika gukabije ku ruhande rw’ibishushanyo mbonera ku ruhande zigaragazwa no gusuzuma imibare. Urugero, urukuta rurerure rwa metero 1,000 rufite umuyoboro wa AFC wa mm 42 rufite imiyoboro igera ku 4,000 kuri buri ruhande. Kwemera ko gukuraho ibyuma byangiritse bikorerwa ku mpera zombi z’umuyoboro. Umuyoboro ufite amanota 8,000 aho icyuma cyangiritse bitewe n’imbaraga za interlink iyo gitwarwa kandi uko kinyeganyega mu maso, kikagira ingaruka ku guhungabana cyangwa kigaterwa n’ibitero byangiza. Kubwibyo, kuri buri santimetero 1/1,000 z’imyambaro, dutanga uburebure bwa santimetero 8. Itandukaniro rito riri hagati y’ingufu zo kwangirika ku mpande zombi z’umuyoboro, riterwa no guhindagurika gukomeye, rihita ryiyongera ku tandukaniro rikomeye mu burebure bw’umuyoboro.
Uduce tubiri two gupfundikira amenyo icyarimwe dushobora gutuma amenyo acika cyane. Ibi biterwa no gutakaza aho aherereye mu menyo yo kuyobora, ibyo bigatuma amenyo acika. Iki gikorwa cyo kunyerera gica mu menyo yo kuyobora kandi kikongera imbaraga zo kwangirika kw'amenyo yo kuyobora. Iyo amenyo amaze kwangirika, ashobora kwihuta gusa. Mu kimenyetso cya mbere cyo gukata amenyo, amenyo agomba gusuzumwa no gusimbuzwa niba bibaye ngombwa, mbere yuko ibyangiritse byangiza urunigi.
Ukwishyira hejuru cyane kw'iminyururu nabyo bizatera kwangirika gukabije ku munyururu no ku munyururu. Ukwishyira hejuru kw'iminyururu bigomba gushyirwa ku gaciro kabuza iminyururu myinshi cyane irekuye. Ibi bizatuma imiyoboro y'imashini "isohoka" kandi habeho ibyago byo kwangirika ku munyururu bitewe no kwishyira hejuru kw'iminyururu iyo ivuye kuri munyururu. Iyo ukwishyira hejuru cyane hari ingaruka ebyiri zigaragara: kwangirika gukabije kw'iminyururu ku munyururu, no kwangirika gukabije ku minyururu.
Umuvuduko ukabije w'iminyururu ushobora kuba umwicanyi
Igikunze kugaragara ni ugukoresha umugozi cyane. Intego igomba kuba ukugenzura buri gihe uko umugozi uhagaze no gukuraho umugozi ugenda ugabanuka inshuro ebyiri. Imigozi irenga ibiri yagaragaza ko umugozi ugenda ugabanuka cyane cyangwa gukuraho imigozi ine byatera umugozi mwinshi cyane, ibyo bigatuma imigozi igenda ishira cyane kandi bikagabanya cyane igihe umugozi umara.
Dufashe ko isura igororotse neza, agaciro k'inyuma k'uruhande rumwe ntikagomba kurenza agaciro k'uruhande rundi ho toni zirenze imwe. Gucunga neza isura bigomba kwemeza ko itandukaniro iryo ari ryo ryose ridashobora kurenza toni ebyiri mu gihe cyose cy'imikorere y'urunigi.
Ukwiyongera k'uburebure bitewe no kwangirika kw'imirongo (rimwe na rimwe bita "kugorama k'umunyururu") bishobora kwemererwa kugera kuri 2% kandi bigakomeza gukoreshwa n'udusimba dushya.
Uburemere bw'imigozi yo hagati y'imigozi ntabwo ari ikibazo iyo imigozi n'imigozi bifatanye bityo bigakomeza kubana neza. Ariko, uburemere bw'imigozi bwo hagati y'imigozi bugabanya umutwaro ucika ndetse no kudahangana n'imigozi ihindagurika.
Uburyo bworoshye bwo gupima ubusaza bw'interlink ni ugukoresha caliper, upimira mu bice bitanu by'ibanga hanyuma ugashyira ku mbonerahamwe yo kurekura umunyururu. Muri rusange iminyururu yatekerezwaho gusimburwa iyo ubusaza bw'interlink burenze 3%. Bamwe mu bashinzwe kubungabunga ibintu badakunda kubona umunyururu wabo urenze uburebure bwa 2%.
Gucunga neza urunigi bitangirira ku rwego rwo gushyiraho. Gukurikirana cyane no gukosora bibaye ngombwa mu gihe cyo kuryama bizafasha mu gihe kirekire kandi kidafite ibibazo.
(Tubifashijwemo n'ubufasha bwaElton Longwall)
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 26 Nzeri 2022
